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The journey of conversational AI began in the 1960s with simple text-based chatbots. ELIZA, created by Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT in 1966, is often considered the first chatbot. It used pattern matching and predefined responses to simulate conversation, primarily mimicking a Rogerian psychotherapist. While groundbreaking for its time, ELIZA and its contemporaries were limited in their ability to understand context and provide truly meaningful interactions.